Dispersion flattened fiber with high negative dispersion and method for the manufacture thereof

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to a dispersion flattened fiber (DFF) with high negative dispersion and a manufacturing method thereof. The dispersion flattened fiber comprises a central core; ring-type cores and low refractive regions alternately formed outside the central core; a cladding surrounding outside the ring-type cores and low refractive regions; and a coating outside the cladding. Since the dispersion flattened fiber has the dispersion of −20 to −60, it has a wide range of application and can be used for various purposes in the field of optical telecommunication.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] The present invention relates to a dispersion flattened fiber(DFF) with high negative dispersion and a method for the manufacturethereof; and, more particularly, to a dispersion flattened fiber withhigh negative dispersion to be utilized for a dispersion compensation ina conventional single mode fiber (SMF) or a non-zero dispersion shiftedfiber (NZDSF) by setting up a dispersion thereof to be high negative,i.e., ranging, e.g., from −20 to −60, not zero, at a wavelength band of1.55 μm.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART

[0002] In the field of optical communications, dispersion is defined asa pulse-spreading phenomenon caused due to the fact that the wavevelocity of an optical signal passing through an optical fiber variesdepending on the wavelength thereof.

[0003] As a conventional optical fiber for transmission, there exist anSMF optimized for a 1.31 wavelength band and an NZDSF with a smalldispersion for 1.55 μm wavelength band, and the like.

[0004] However, when the conventional SMF or NZDSF is used, a maximumtransmission distance is limited as a transmission speed increases.Generally, the relationship between the transmission speed B [Gb/s] andthe maximum transmission distance L is shown as follows: $\begin{matrix}{L = \frac{104000}{B^{2} \times D}} & {{Eq}.\quad 1}\end{matrix}$

[0005] wherein D represents a dispersion.

[0006] When the SMF (whose dispersion is about 17 ps/nm/km at awavelength of 1.55 μm) is used to transmit an optical signal at a speedof 2.5 Gb/s, a maximum transmission distance is 979 km according to Eq.1, but when the transmission speed increases to 10 Gb/s, the maximumtransmission distance is diminished to just about 60 km. When the NZDSF(a dispersion thereof is about 2 to 7 ps/nm/km) is used to transmit theoptical signal with the transmission speed of 10 Gb/s, the maximumtransmission distance is limited to about 148 km. In the case ofadopting a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) transmission methodthat features high speed and big capacity, a dispersion slope as well asthe dispersion must be taken into consideration in order to estimate amaximum transmission distance.

[0007] Accordingly, in order to increase the maximum transmissiondistance at a predetermined wavelength band, it is essential tocompensate not only the dispersion but also the dispersion slope. As asolution to this assignment, a dispersion compensation fiber (DCF) hasbeen developed. Although the DCF compensates for both the dispersion andthe dispersion slope simultaneously, the manufacturing process thereofis too complicated.

[0008] Up to now, researches in the DCF have been mainly focused on amethod for flattening the dispersion to be nearly zero at a wavelengthband of 1.55 μm.

[0009] When the SMF is employed to transmit an optical signal at atransmission speed of more than 10 Gbps, both the dispersion anddispersion slope, which limit directly the maximum transmissiondistance, must be compensated. This can be achieved by employing a DCFthat compensates both the dispersion and the dispersion slope at thesame time. However, a manufacture of the DCF has not been easy.

[0010] A variety of methods for compensating a dispersion of an opticalfiber by using a dispersion compensation module, which comprises DCFs,have been developed. Since it is not easy to produce a DCF capable ofsimultaneously compensating both the dispersion and the dispersionslope, an alternative method using two separate DCFs for exactdispersion compensation has also been developed as follows:

L _(DCF1) ×D _(DCF1) +L _(DCF2) ×D _(DCF2) +L _(SMF) ×D _(SMF)=0  Eq.2

[0011] $\begin{matrix}{\frac{S_{SMF}}{D_{SMF}} = \frac{{L_{DCF1} \times S_{DCF1}} + {L_{DCF2} \times S_{DCF2}}}{{L_{DCF1} \times D_{DCF1}} + {L_{DCF2} \times D_{DCF2}}}} & {{Eq}.\quad 3}\end{matrix}$

[0012] wherein L _(DCF1), L _(DCF2) and L _(SMF) represent the maximumtransmission distance of a first DCF, a second DCF and a SMF,respectively; D_(DCF1), D_(DCF2) and D _(SMF) stand for the dispersionof the first DCF, the second DCF and the SMF, respectively; and S_(DCF1), S _(DCF2) and SMF represent the dispersion slope of the firstDCF, the second DCF and the SMF, respectively.

[0013] In the case of using two different DCFS, it is required tocombine the dispersions and the dispersion slopes of the two DCFS, sothat the exact compensation for the dispersion becomes more difficult.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0014] It is, therefore, the object of the present invention to providea dispersion flattened fiber having high negative dispersion as well asflat dispersion characteristic at a transmission wavelength band so asto compensate the dispersion with advanced facility and exactness, andalso provide a manufacturing method of such dispersion flattened fiber.

[0015] In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the presentinvention, there is provided a dispersion flattened fiber with highnegative dispersion comprising:

[0016] a central core;

[0017] ring-type cores and low refractive regions alternately formedoutside the central core;

[0018] a cladding formed surrounding the ring-type cores and the lowrefractive regions; and

[0019] a coating formed outside the cladding so as to protect thecentral core, the ring-typed cores, the low refractive regions and thecladding.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0020] The above and other objects and features of the present inventionwill become apparent from the following description of preferredembodiments given with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

[0021]FIG. 1 represents a cross sectional view of a dispersion flattenedfiber with high negative dispersion in accordance with a firstembodiment of the present invention;

[0022]FIG. 2 is a schematic drawing showing a refractive index of theoptical fiber of FIG. 1 along its radius;

[0023]FIG. 3 is a graph showing a C-band characteristic of the opticalfiber in FIG. 1;

[0024]FIG. 4 presents a graph illustrating an L-band characteristic ofthe optical fiber as shown in FIG. 1;

[0025]FIG. 5 depicts a table describing a design and characteristics ofthe optical fiber shown in FIG. 1; and

[0026]FIG. 6 sets forth a flow chart of a manufacturing method for thedispersion flattened fiber with high negative dispersion in accordancewith the first embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0027]FIG. 1 is a cross sectional view for showing a structure of adispersion flattened fiber with high negative dispersion in accordancewith a first embodiment of the present invention. The dispersionflattened fiber comprises a cladding 15, a first and a second ring-typecore 14 and 12, a first and a second low refractive region 13 and 11,and a central core 10.

[0028] At the outmost region of the dispersion flattened fiber, there isformed a polymer coating (not shown) to protect the dispersion flattenedfiber. There is located the cladding 15 inside the polymer coating andthe first ring-type core 14 in accordance with the present inventionwithin the cladding 15. The first low refractive region 13 is formed atthe inner region of the first ring-type core 14. Inside the first lowrefractive region 13 there is located the second ring-type core 12 and,the second low refractive region 11 is formed within the secondring-type core 12. Finally, at the central area within the second lowrefractive region 11, there is formed the central core 10.

[0029] The refractive indexes of the central core 10 and the secondring-type core 12 are higher than those of the other regions. Therefractive index of the cladding 15 is equal to that of pure silica. Thefirst and the second low refractive region 13 and 11 have lowerrefractive indexes than the cladding 15. The refractive index of thesecond ring-type core 12 is the same as that of the first ring-type core14. The second low refractive region 11 has the same refractive index asthe first low refractive region 13. Ge or P may be added to increase therefractive index of the central core 10 and the first and the secondring-type core 12 and 14.

[0030]FIG. 2 is a schematic drawing for showing a refractive indexprofile along the radius of the fiber, in which the central core 10 hasthe highest refractive index and the first and the second ring-type core12 and 14 have lower refractive indexes than the central core 10.Although a step-type refractive index profile has been used in FIG. 2, ahill-type or curved refractive index profile can be included as well.

[0031]FIG. 5 is a table for showing design data and characteristics ofthe optical fiber shown in FIG. 1, wherein variation of the refractiveindex along the radius of the optical fiber is shown. FIG. 3 shows the Cband (1.55 μm wavelength band) dispersion characteristic of the opticalfiber having the features described in FIG. 5.

[0032] Small changes in the diameters of the first low refractive region13 and the first ring-type core 14 do not influence much on thedispersion and the dispersion flattened characteristics of the opticalfiber. Unlike most of the conventional optical fibers, the dispersionflattened fiber of the present invention has a much better bend losscharacteristic, e.g., about 0.0001102 dB/km. Further, the dispersionslope of the present invention is flatter than that of the conventionaldispersion flattened fibers.

[0033]FIG. 4 is a graph presenting an L-band (1570 to 1620 nm)dispersion characteristic of the optical fiber as shown in FIG. 1. TheL-band is required for the high-density wavelength division multiplexingmode.

[0034]FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating a step-by-step process formanufacturing the dispersion flattened fiber with high negativedispersion through a modified chemical vapor deposition in accordancewith the first embodiment of the present invention.

[0035] First, in step S2 silica tubes are arranged exactly on a MCVDboard.

[0036] The silica tubes are heated in step S4 by an oxygen/hydrogenburner at a temperature of 1900° C. to get rid of any impurities insideand outside the silica tubes.

[0037] In step S6, the cladding 15 is formed to prevent an invasion ofOH radicals by using SiCl₄ to make the refractive index of the cladding15 identical with that of the silica tubes.

[0038] In step S8, GeCl₄ or POCl₃ is used together with SiCl₄ to formthe first ring-type core 14 whose refractive index is higher than thatof the silica tubes within the cladding 15.

[0039] In step S10, the first low refractive region 13 whose refractiveindex is lower than that of the silica tubes is formed inside the firstring-type core 14 by keeping fluorine source, e.g., C₂F₆ or SiF₄,flowing into the silica tubes together with SiCl₄.

[0040] The second ring-type core 12 having a higher refractive indexthan that of the silica tube is formed within the first low refractiveregion 13 by using GeCl₄ or POCl₃ gas together with SiCl₄ in step S12.

[0041] In step S14, the second low refractive region 11 having a lowerrefractive index than that of the silica tube is formed within thesecond ring-type core 12 by having fluorine gas C₂F₂ or SiF₄ togetherwith SiCl₄ flow into the silica tube.

[0042] The central core 10 with the highest refractive index is formedwithin the second low refractive region 11 by providing both SiCl₄ andGeCl₄ into the silica tube and heating them by the burner in step S16.

[0043] A preform of the optical fiber having the refractive indexprofile given in accordance with the present invention is manufacturedin step S18 by heating the silica tube using an oxygen/hydrogen burnerunder high temperature of 2000° C. or beyond to completely infillremaining holes within the silica tube.

[0044] Over-cladding or jacketing process can be carried out in step S20if required, where a silica tube is jacketed on the preform of theoptical fiber.

[0045] From the preform of the optical fiber manufactured as recitedabove, optical fiber of 125 μm in diameter may be extracted with anoptical fiber take-out apparatus. During this process, the optical fibergoes through a first and a second coating, and finally gets the opticalfiber of 250 μm in diameter in step S22.

[0046] In view of the foregoing, the dispersion flattened fiber of thepresent invention has a negative dispersion ranging from −20 to −60 atthe wavelength band of about 1.55 μm and also has a dispersion slopemuch flatter than those of conventional dispersion flattened fibers. Inaddition, the dispersion flattened fiber can be easily manufacturedbecause of its high flexibility on the diameter.

[0047] While the present invention has been described with respect tothe particular preferred embodiments, it will be apparent to thoseskilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be madewithout departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as definedin the following claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A dispersion flattened fiber with high negativedispersion, comprising: a central core; ring-type cores and lowrefractive regions alternately formed outside the central core; acladding formed surrounding the ring-type cores and the low refractiveregions; and a coating formed outside the cladding so as to protect thecentral core, the ring-typed cores, the low refractive regions and thecladding.
 2. The dispersion flattened fiber of claim 1, wherein thecoating is a polymer coating.
 3. The dispersion flattened fiber of claim1 or claim 2, wherein a first ring-type core is formed within thecladding, a first low refractive region within the first ring-type core,a second ring-type core the first low refractive region and a second lowrefractive region within the second ring-type core.
 4. The dispersionflattened fiber of claim 3, wherein a refractive index of the centralcore is higher than those of the first and second ring-type core.
 5. Thedispersion flattened fiber of claim 3, wherein the cladding has the samerefractive index as the genuine silica.
 6. The dispersion flattenedfiber of claim 3, wherein the respective refractive indexes of the firstand second low refractive region are lower than that of the cladding. 7.The dispersion flattened fiber of claim 3, wherein the first ring-typecore has the same refractive index as the second ring-type core.
 8. Thedispersion flattened fiber of claim 3, wherein the first low refractiveregion has the same refractive index as the second low refractiveregion.
 9. The dispersion flattened fiber of claim 3, wherein Germaniumor P is added to the central core and the first and the second ring-typecores.
 10. A manufacturing method of the dispersion flattened fiber withhigh negative dispersion, comprising the steps of: (a) arranging silicatube; (b) removing any impurities within the silica tube; (c) forming acladding outside the silica tube; (d) forming the first ring-type coreoutside the cladding; (e) forming the first low refractive region withinthe first ring-type core: (f) forming the second ring-type core withinthe first low refractive region; (g) forming the second low refractiveregion within the second ring-type region; (h) forming the central coreinside the second low refractive region; (i) heating the silica tube inorder to completely infill the remaining hole within the silica tube,thereby forming a preform of the dispersion flattened fiber. (j)extracting the dispersion flattened fiber from the preform.
 11. Themethod of claim 10, wherein the silica tube is arranged on a board for amodified chemical vapor deposition at step (a).
 12. The method of claim10, wherein the silica tube is heated under the temperature of about1900° C. at step (b).
 13. The method of claim 10, wherein the claddinghas the same refractive index as the silica tube.
 14. The method ofclaim 10, wherein the cladding is formed using SiCl₄.
 15. The method ofclaim 10, wherein the first ring-type core has a higher refractive indexthan the silica tube by using GeCl₄ or POCl₃ together with SiCl₄. 16.The method of claim 10, wherein C₂F₆ or SiF₄ flows together with SiCl₄into the silica tube in order to form the first low refractive regionhaving lower refractive index than the silica tube.
 17. The method ofclaim 10, wherein the second ring-type core having higher refractiveindex than the silica tube is formed by having GeCl₄ or POCl₃ with SiCl₄gas flow into the silica tube.
 18. The method of claim 10, wherein thesecond low refractive region whose refractive index is lower than thesilica tube is formed by having C₂F₆ or SiF₄ flow together with SiCl₄.19. The method of claim 10, wherein SiCl₄ and GeCl₄ are provided intothe silica tube to form the central core at step (h).
 20. The method ofclaim 10, wherein the silica tube is heated under the temperature of2000° C. or beyond at step (i).
 21. The method of claim 10, furthercomprising the step of (k) jacketing the silica tube on the preformafter the step (i).